Rhinosinusitis is a chronic infection of the nasal and paranasal mucosa whose pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Studies on the role of the microbiota in its onset are being developed.

Winter is prime season for respiratory infections, which take advantage of a weakened immune system. Probiotics and synbiotics may be added to the prevention strategy and existing therapy.

Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums whose persistence should raise concern about the risk of suffering a significantly more severe periodontal disease. It originates as the result of a change in the bacterial flora in dental plaque.

Periodontal diseases are common and irreversible diseases that may eventually lead to loosening of teeth. Their onset is associated with an imbalance in the flora of the dental plaque.

Celiac disease is a disease with many unknowns. A new field of explanations has been opened with evidence suggesting that celiac patients present a dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota, which promotes the pro-inflammatory role of gluten.

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a state of intestinal malabsorption following resection. The remaining colon and its microbiota play a decisive role in how the intestine adapts after resection.

The presence of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, like elevated glycemia and cholesterol, hypertension, … is influenced by the composition of the intestinal microbiota.