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Gastroenterology

Each IBD has its own virome

IBD
Gastroenterology

In addition to bacteria, the gut microbiota is also composed of viruses. Although studies focusing on viruses are still rare, the presence or absence of some families seems to be specific markers of CD and UC.

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About this article

Created 17 September 2019
Updated 12 October 2021

The second microbiota component that could be involved in IBD is the virome (viral component of the microbiota), made up of both eukaryote-infecting viruses and bacteriophages infecting bacterial cells, which are the most studied. In patients with IBD, a dysbiosis of this virome has been observed: loss of diversity in addition to a greater variability of gut viruses in patients with CD. A study conducted in the United States and United Kingdom in 2015 also revealed an increased abundance and diversity of the enteric virome in patients with CD or UC.7

Impact of bacteriophages on the bacterial microbiota

Bacteriophages are ten times more numerous than bacteria and are involved in the microbiota mechanism through the control of bacterial abundance and diversity, which leads to an either protective or harmful effect: in patients with CD, the expansion of Caudovirales bacteriophages is associated to a loss in bacterial diversity and could be involved in the bacterial dysbiosis and gut inflammation.8

Image
A chaque MICI son virome

Virome signature

While studies on the virome are rare, those focusing specifically on eukaryotic viruses are even more so. One of them compared the gut mucosa of healthy controls to that of treatment- naive young patients whose IBD had been diagnosed early,8 and suggested that some eukaryote-infecting viruses could be involved in the onset of gut inflammation and contribute to IBD pathogenesis, with a specific signature depending on the disease: more viruses from the Hepadnaviridae family compared to controls and patients with CD, and less Polydnaviridae and Tymoviridae in patients with UC; increased abundance of Hepeviridae (a family of viruses including HEV for instance) and less Virgaviridae in patients with CD compared to controls. These virome signatures could be acquired early in life (for instance through diet) and later increase host susceptibility to IBD.8

Sources

7 Zuo T, Kamm MA, Colombel JF et al. Urbanization and the gut microbiota in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jul;15(7):440-452.


8 Ungaro F, Massimino L, Furfaro F, et al. Metagenomic analysis of intestinal mucosa revealed a specific eukaryotic gut virome signature in early-diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes. 2019;10(2):149-158.

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Dysbiosis Ulcerative Colitis IBD Gut health Crohn's disease

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    Focus
    Chronical inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
    • Dysbiosis in IBD
      • A bacterial dysbiosis characteristic of IBD
      • Each IBD has its own virome
      • Association between fungal dysbiosis and environment
    • Pathophysiology of dysbiosis
      • Role of the intestinal epithelium and the innate immune response
      • Focus on the role of antimicrobial peptides
    • What role could microbiota modulation play?
      • Fecal microbiota transplant: mixed results
      • Use of probiotics
    • Expert opinion
      • Pr. Philippe Seksik: Towards an innovative management of IBD
    Created 17 September 2019
    Updated 12 October 2021

    About this article

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    Main topic

    IBD

    Medical practice

    Gastroenterology

    Content type

    Dossier detail
    A bacterial dysbiosis characteristic of IBD
    Association between fungal dysbiosis and environment
    Focus

    Chronical inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)

    Dysbiosis in IBD

    A bacterial dysbiosis characteristic of IBD Each IBD has its own virome Association between fungal dysbiosis and environment

    Pathophysiology of dysbiosis

    Role of the intestinal epithelium and the innate immune response Focus on the role of antimicrobial peptides

    What role could microbiota modulation play?

    Fecal microbiota transplant: mixed results Use of probiotics

    Expert opinion

    Pr. Philippe Seksik: Towards an innovative management of IBD
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