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Gastroenterology

A bacterial dysbiosis characteristic of IBD

IBD
Gastroenterology

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by an inflammation of the gastrointestinal wall that may affect either the entire intestinal tract (Crohn’s disease, CD) or be confined to the rectum and colon (ulcerative colitis, UC). They are associated to an impairment of the biodiversity and composition of bacterial, fungal and viral microbiotas, which are believed to play a role in the disease pathogenesis and/or progression.

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Dysbiose bactérienne image 1

Escherichia coli

About this article

Created 17 September 2019
Updated 12 October 2021

A double bacterial gut dysbiosis, characterized by a decrease in some beneficial strains and an increase in pathogenic strains, is associated to IBD. These composition abnormalities could be both the cause and the consequence of these disorders, thus inducing a vicious circle.

In patients with IBD, structural and functional alterations of the gut microbiota have been observed. The composition is also different in patient undergoing an acute episode compared to those in remission.2

Decrease in beneficial bacteria and increase in pathogens

First feature: decreased Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes ratio. A decrease in somebeneficial bacteria from the Firmicutes phylum is observed, for instance, lower abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a commensal bacterium with anti-inflammatory properties and whose decrease seems to be a marker of CD;3 reduced rate of Firmicutes, commonly observed in patients with IBD;4 significant decrease in Bacteroides fragilis (Bacteroidetes), a bacterium with proven protective effects in murine models of induced colitis.5 In patients undergoing an acute phase of IBD, there is also a lower abundance of Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium leptum, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium.2 Second feature: excess of potentially harmful microorganisms, especially Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. In one out of three patients with CD, the mucosa is invaded by a strain of Escherichia coli called AIEC (Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli).3 Contrary to other infectious agents, these strains are able to cross the intestinal mucus barrier, adhere to it, then invade the gut epithelial cells, and survive and replicate in macrophages. This leads to the secretion of large quantities of TNFα, which in turn causes inflammation.

Dysbiosis: cause or consequence of ibd?

This bacterial gut dysbiosis, which seems to be a marker of IBD, is suspected to play a role in its pathogenesis. A study conducted in mice genetically predisposed to UC revealed a two-way relation between this disease and gut dysbiosis.6 Bacterial dysbiosis could thus not only contribute to the onset of IBD, but also be a secondary consequence of gut inflammation. Different hypotheses were suggested to explain this dual phenomenon: some species from the Firmicutes phylum have anti-inflammatory properties and are major producers of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)–especially butyrate–, which represent the main energy-producing substrate for colonocytes. Moreover, a decrease in the number of Firmicutes could trigger or intensify a local inflammation by decreasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (key regulators of mucosal immunity) and/ or by altering the colon barrier function through a deficit of SCFA.4

Sources

2 Aleksandrova K, Romero-Mosquera B, Hernandez V. Diet Gut Microbiome and Epigenetics: Emerging Links with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Prospects for Management and Prevention. Nutrients. 2017 Aug 30;9(9). pii: E962. 


3 Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF et al. Crohn’s disease. Lancet. 2017 Apr 29;389(10080):1741-1755.


4 Kho ZY, Lal SK. The Human Gut Microbiome - A Potential Controller of Wellness and Disease. Front Microbiol. 2018 Aug 14;9:1835.


5 Coretti L, Natale A, Cuomo M et al. The Interplay between Defensins and Microbiota in Crohn’s Disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2017 ;2017:8392523.


6 Nagao-Kitamoto H, Shreiner AB, Gillilland MG et al. Functional characterization of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated gut dysbiosis in gnotobiotic mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Mar 3;2(4):468-481. 

Tags
Dysbiosis Ulcerative Colitis IBD Gut health Crohn's disease

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    Focus
    Chronical inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
    • Dysbiosis in IBD
      • A bacterial dysbiosis characteristic of IBD
      • Each IBD has its own virome
      • Association between fungal dysbiosis and environment
    • Pathophysiology of dysbiosis
      • Role of the intestinal epithelium and the innate immune response
      • Focus on the role of antimicrobial peptides
    • What role could microbiota modulation play?
      • Fecal microbiota transplant: mixed results
      • Use of probiotics
    • Expert opinion
      • Pr. Philippe Seksik: Towards an innovative management of IBD
    Created 17 September 2019
    Updated 12 October 2021

    About this article

    To know more about this topic.

    Main topic

    IBD

    Medical practice

    Gastroenterology

    Content type

    Dossier detail
    Chronical inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
    Each IBD has its own virome
    Focus

    Chronical inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)

    Dysbiosis in IBD

    A bacterial dysbiosis characteristic of IBD Each IBD has its own virome Association between fungal dysbiosis and environment

    Pathophysiology of dysbiosis

    Role of the intestinal epithelium and the innate immune response Focus on the role of antimicrobial peptides

    What role could microbiota modulation play?

    Fecal microbiota transplant: mixed results Use of probiotics

    Expert opinion

    Pr. Philippe Seksik: Towards an innovative management of IBD
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