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Dermatology

Factors affecting the skin microbiota

Skin health
Dermatology

The skin microbiota of healthy individuals appears to be relatively stable over periods of a few months or years.3,4 However, its composition is still influenced by the host and its environment.

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Staphylococcus epidermidis

About this article

Created 22 April 2021
Updated 06 January 2022

HOST-RELATED EFFECTS

The composition of the skin microbiota is strongly influenced by the host, specifically by their age, sex, genes, immune status, concomitant health conditions (dermatological or otherwise), the skin area in question, interactions between microorganisms, diet and stress levels.2

The initial colonization of a newborn baby’s skin depends on the mode of delivery4,7: children born vaginally acquire vaginal bacteria (Lactobacillus, C. albicans), while those born by caesarean section acquire skin microbes (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). Within a few hours of birth, sebum secretion increases sharply. This continues for several days before decreasing.2 The immature immune system facilitates colonization due to the lack of any inflammatory response.4

At puberty, the skin microbiota undergoes a profound restructuring due to hormonal changes that stimulate sebaceous secretions. It contains more lipophilic organisms (Cutibacterium, Malassezia), whereas previously it had been dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, with a diverse fungal community.4

Image

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Many external factors also influence the composition of the skin microbiota2, including lifestyle, domestic and personal hygiene, cohabitation, geographical location, sunlight, occupation (and work clothing), etc. For example, contact with other humans, but also with pets and objects (telephone, computer keyboard, classroom objects, etc.), modifies the skin microbiota and explains the similarities observed between the microbiota of members of the same household or group.3

Moreover, the conditions in a given environment affect the different areas of the skin to different degrees. For example, some skin areas (e.g. hand) have more physical contact, others are less exposed to ultraviolet light, etc.3,4 Despite this, the skin microbiota remains relatively stable in adulthood, suggesting reciprocal beneficial interactions between microorganisms and host.6

Sources

2 Egert M, Simmering R, Riedel CU. The Association of the Skin Microbiota With Health, Immunity, and Disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Jul;102(1):62-69.

3 Barnard E, Li H. Shaping of cutaneous function by encounters with commensals. J Physiol. 2017 Jan 15;595(2):437-450.

4 Byrd AL, Belkaid Y, Segre JA. The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(3):143-155.

6 Chen YE, Fischbach MA, Belkaid Y. Skin microbiota-host interactions. Nature. 2018 Jan 24;553(7689):427-436.

7 Schneider AM, Nelson AM. Skin microbiota: Friend or foe in pediatric skin health and skin disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019 Nov;36(6):815-822.

8 Flowers L, Grice EA. The Skin Microbiota: Balancing Risk and Reward. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;28(2):190-200.

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    Focus
    Skin under triple influences : gut, brain, skin microbiota
    • The skin microbiota
      • A unique set of skin microbiota for each individual
      • Factors affecting the skin microbiota
      • Functions of the microbiota and its interactions with the host
    • Skin diseases associated with a dysbiosis
      • Skin diseases associated with a dysbiosis
      • Non-pathological skin conditions associated with a dysbiosis
    • The gut-skin axis
      • Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea: gut-skin axis involved
      • A gut-brain-skin axis?
    • Modulating the skin microbiota
      • Modulating the skin microbiota via topical applications
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    • Expert opinion
      • Dr. Markus Eger : Probiotics, a complementary therapeutic option
    Created 22 April 2021
    Updated 06 January 2022

    About this article

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    Main topic

    Skin health

    Medical practice

    Dermatology

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    A unique set of skin microbiota for each individual
    Functions of the microbiota and its interactions with the host
    Focus

    Skin under triple influences : gut, brain, skin microbiota

    The skin microbiota

    A unique set of skin microbiota for each individual Factors affecting the skin microbiota Functions of the microbiota and its interactions with the host

    Skin diseases associated with a dysbiosis

    Skin diseases associated with a dysbiosis Non-pathological skin conditions associated with a dysbiosis

    The gut-skin axis

    Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea: gut-skin axis involved A gut-brain-skin axis?

    Modulating the skin microbiota

    Modulating the skin microbiota via topical applications Modulating the skin microbiota with oral solutions

    Expert opinion

    Dr. Markus Eger : Probiotics, a complementary therapeutic option
    Dermatology

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