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Gastroenterology

Understanding the complex interplay between the microbiota and immunity is only just beginning

Immunity
Gastroenterology Pediatrics Gynecology Dermatology

By Dr Bruce Vallance

Gastroenterology
Gynecology
Pediatrics
Dermatology
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Goblet cells. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through goblet cells in the lining of the small intestine,part of the digestive tract.

About this article

Author

Dr Bruce Vallance, PhD

Professor

Professor, CH.I.L.D. Foundation Chair in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Director of the Gut4Health Microbiome Core, in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

He's an expert in the gut microbiome, bacterial pathogens and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

See the author
Created 08 November 2021
Updated 25 November 2021

Your body is home to trillions of bacteria that together with viruses, fungi and other organisms, collectively make up the human microbiota.

These microbes play an important role in promoting our health, as well as controlling our susceptibility to disease, by influencing different aspects of our daily lives. For example, the metabolic activity of our gut microbiota determines whether certain medications like acetaminophen are toxic to our livers.1 Specific members of the microbiota can also change and evolve in response to new dietary sources of carbohydrates, allowing us to digest foods like sushi2 or produce important and protective chemicals such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA).3 Other microbes selectively shape our immune systems to become reactive, or tolerant to invading organisms, thereby controlling our risk of severe gastrointestinal (GI) infections.4

 

During the 1000 first days of life, the critical window of early childhood growth and development (period from conception to 2 years of age), any interference with microbiota establishment in the neonatal gut may potentially lead to negative health outcomes.5

1000 first days of life critical window of early childhood growth and development

Although scientists have established the importance of the microbiota in maintaining human health, our understanding of the complex interplay between the microbiota and immunity is only just beginning.

Sources

1 Clayton TA, Baker D, Lindon JC, et al. Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 25;106(34):14728-33.

2 Hehemann JH, Kelly AG, Pudlo NA, et al. Bacteria of the human gut microbiome catabolize red seaweed glycans with carbohydrate-active enzyme updates from extrinsic microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Nov 27;109(48):19786-91.

3 Yang W, Yu T, Huang X, et al. Intestinal microbiota-derived shortchain fatty acids regulation of immune cell IL-22 production and gut immunity. Nat Commun. 2020 Sep 8;11(1):4457.

4 Atarashi K, Tanoue T, Shima T, et al. Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species. Science. 2011 Jan 21;331(6015):337-41.

5 Aires J. First 1000 Days of Life: Consequences of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol. 2021 May 19;12:681427.

Tags
Immunity Gut microbiota Dysbiosis Immune Immune defenses Diversity Childhood

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    Focus
    Microbiota, a diplomatic immunity?
    • Introduction
      • Understanding the complex interplay between the microbiota and immunity is only just beginning
    • Intestinal Immunity
      • The infant's gut at the heart of immunity
      • Factors influencing microbiota development and maturation of the immune system early in life
      • The impact of western diet on the mucus layer
      • Dampening gastrointestinal inflammation through nutrition
    • Gut microbiota influences respiratory immunity
      • The gut microbiota is involved in the lung’s defense against viral respiratory infections
      • Gut-lung axis in viral respiratory infections
      • The hygiene hypothesis and the COVID-19 pandemic
      • Targeting the gut microbiota to optimize vaccine efficacy?
    • Role of the microbiota in skin immunity and atopic dermatitis
      • Expert interview: Pr. Brigitte Dréno
    • Conclusion
      • What to take away? Intestinal Immunity
      • What to take away? Respiratory immunity
      • What to take away? Skin immunity
    Created 08 November 2021
    Updated 25 November 2021

    About this article

    To know more about this topic.

    Main topic

    Immunity

    Medical practice

    Gastroenterology Pediatrics Gynecology Dermatology

    Content type

    Dossier detail

    Author

    Dr Bruce Vallance, PhD

    Professor

    Professor, CH.I.L.D. Foundation Chair in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Director of the Gut4Health Microbiome Core, in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

    He's an expert in the gut microbiome, bacterial pathogens and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

    See the author
    Microbiota, a diplomatic immunity?
    The infant's gut at the heart of immunity
    Focus

    Microbiota, a diplomatic immunity?

    Introduction

    Understanding the complex interplay between the microbiota and immunity is only just beginning

    Intestinal Immunity

    The infant's gut at the heart of immunity Factors influencing microbiota development and maturation of the immune system early in life The impact of western diet on the mucus layer Dampening gastrointestinal inflammation through nutrition

    Gut microbiota influences respiratory immunity

    The gut microbiota is involved in the lung’s defense against viral respiratory infections Gut-lung axis in viral respiratory infections The hygiene hypothesis and the COVID-19 pandemic Targeting the gut microbiota to optimize vaccine efficacy?

    Role of the microbiota in skin immunity and atopic dermatitis

    Expert interview: Pr. Brigitte Dréno

    Conclusion

    What to take away? Intestinal Immunity What to take away? Respiratory immunity What to take away? Skin immunity

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    Photo: Postménopause : l'action bénéfique de l'estradiol sur le microbiote vaginal
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