1 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
2 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
3 Roberfroid, M. Health benefits of non-digestible oligosaccharides. In Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1997; pp. 211–219
4 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
5 ISAPP : Understanding Prebiotics and Fiber, 2018
6 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
7 Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 2019;8(3):92
8 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
9 ISAPP : Prebiotics :https://isappscience.org/for-scientists/resources/prebiotics/
10 ISAPP : Prebiotics: A Consumer Guide for Making Smart Choices - Developed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (04/11/21)
11 ISAPP : Understanding Prebiotics and Fiber, 2018
12 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
13 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
14 Prebiotics: A Consumer Guide for Making Smart Choices - Developed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (04/11/21)
15 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
16 Quigley EMM. Prebiotics and Probiotics in Digestive Health. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(2):333-344
17 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
18 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
19 Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021
20 ISAPP : Understanding Prebiotics and Fiber, 2018
21 Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021
22 ISAPP : Prebiotics, 2019
23 FAO/OMS. Report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food, 2002.
24 Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, et al. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;11(8):506-514
25 Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021
26 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
27 Cours-médecine. Fr : Les polyosides https://www.cours-medecine.info/medecine/biochimie/polyosides.html
28 ISAPP : Prebiotics, 2019
29 WGO Review Team. Probiotiques et prébiotiques, World Gastroenterology Organisation Global guideline, février 2017
30 Whisner CM, Castillo LF. Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(4):443-479
31 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
32 Whisner CM, Castillo LF. Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(4):443-479
33 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
34 ISAPP : Prebiotics: A Consumer Guide for Making Smart Choices - Developed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (04/11/21)
35 ISAPP : Prebiotics: A Consumer Guide for Making Smart Choices - Developed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (04/11/21)
36 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
37 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
38 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
39 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
40 Binns N : Probiotics, Prebiotics and the gut microbiota, ILSI Europe Concise monograph series, Belgium, ISBN: 9789078637394
41 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
42 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
43 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
44 Scott KP, Grimaldi R, Cunningham M, et al. Developments in understanding and applying prebiotics in research and practice-an ISAPP conference paper. J Appl Microbiol. 2020;128(4):934-949
45 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
46 Whisner CM, Castillo LF. Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(4):443-479
47 Whisner CM, Castillo LF. Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(4):443-479
48 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
49 Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 2019;8(3):92
50 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
51 Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 2019;8(3):92
52 Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021
53 Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 2019;8(3):92
54 Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021
55 Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021
56 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
57 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
58 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
59 ISAPP : Prebiotics: A Consumer Guide for Making Smart Choices - Developed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (04/11/21)
60 Quigley EMM. Prebiotics and Probiotics in Digestive Health. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(2):333-344
61 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
62 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
63 Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1021
64 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
65 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
66 Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 2019;8(3):92
67 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
68 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
69 Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 2019;8(3):92
70 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
71 Jenkins G, Mason P. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Gut and Immune Health. Food Nutr J 2022, 7: 245
72 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
73 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
74 Simon E, Călinoiu LF, Mitrea L, Vodnar DC. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Implications and Beneficial Effects against Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2112
75 EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to “native chicory inulin” and maintenance of normal defecation by increasing stool frequency pursuant to Article 13.5 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3951 (2015).
76 Whisner CM, Castillo LF. Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(4):443-479
77 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
78 Collins S, Reid G. Distant Site Effects of Ingested Prebiotics. Nutrients. 2016;8(9):523
79 ISAPP : Prebiotics: A Consumer Guide for Making Smart Choices - Developed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (04/11/21)
80 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
81 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
82 Gananopoulo L . Comment le cerveau gère notre appétit, Le Journal du CNRS, publié le 22/06/2020, mis à jour le 13/09/21 : https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/comment-le-cerveau-gere-notre-appetit
83 Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug 9;:]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605-616
84 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
85 Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, et al. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods. 2019;8(3):92
86 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
87 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502
88 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096
89 Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Langella P, Cherbuy C. Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2096